- Added solutions by Kevin Colyer.

2 files changed, 684 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/challenge-034/kevin-colyer/perl6/ch-1.p6 b/challenge-034/kevin-colyer/perl6/ch-1.p6
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0435064f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/challenge-034/kevin-colyer/perl6/ch-1.p6
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl6
+use v6;
+
+use Test;
+
+=begin pod
+
+Task 34.1
+
+Write a program that demonstrates using hash slices and/or array slices.
+
+Task 34.2
+
+Write a program that demonstrates a dispatch table.
+
+    SEE SUB DRINK FOR BOTH TASKS COMPLETED IN ONE LINE!
+
+=end pod
+
+# globals
+constant OFF_STAGE="OFF_STAGE";
+constant CARRIED="CARRIED";
+constant WORN="WORN";
+
+## from Terminal::Width
+my $width=80;
+constant WIDTH = try {
+    run('tput', 'cols', :out).out.slurp-rest.trim.Int
+} // $width;
+
+my %directions =
+    n => "north",
+    s => "south",
+    e => "east",
+    w => "west",
+;
+
+my %flags =
+    _debug => False,
+    _author => "Kevin Colyer", _if_title => "The Dispatch Table Adventure", _version => "1.0",
+
+    score => 0, max_score => 2, moves => 0,
+    confused => False,
+    location => "start",
+;
+
+my %rooms =
+#     "roomname" => { name => "shortname", desc => "descrption",
+#         to => { n => "roomname" },
+#     },
+    "start" => { name => "The Beginning", desc => "You are standing on an gigantic letter X painted on the tarmac floor of a walled courtyard.",
+        to => { n => "lab", e => "eastwall", w=> "westwall" },
+    },
+    "eastwall" => { name => "East wall", desc => "You are standing under the eastern wall. It towers above you.",
+        to => { w => "start" },
+    },
+    "westwall" => { name => "West wall", desc => "You are standing next to the western wall. It is way to high to climb.",
+        to => { e => "start" },
+    },
+    "lab" => { name => "Laboratory", desc => "You are what feels like a chemist's laboratory, but much more exciting and mysterious. Various tubes, glasses and flasks are connected in complicated manners.",
+        to => { s => "start" },
+    },
+;
+
+my %objects =
+    lamp => { name => "a lamp", noun => "lamp", desc => "an antique brass lamp", in => "lab" },
+    pebble => { name => "a pebble",noun => "pebble", desc => "an uninteresting pebble", in => "start" },
+    keys => { name => "some keys", noun => "keys", desc => "car keys", in => CARRIED },
+    fizzyflask => { name=> "a fizzy flask", noun => "flask", adj => "fizzy", desc => "a flask of fizzy purple liquid", in => "lab", drinkable => True},
+    bubblyflask => { name=> "a bubbly flask", noun => "flask", adj => "bubbly",  desc => "a flask of bubbly green liquid", in => "lab", drinkable => True},
+;
+
+##############################################
+# DISPATCH TABLE
+my %dispatch =
+    debug => &_debug,
+    test => &_test,
+
+    save => &_savegame,
+
+    help => &help,
+    h => &help,
+    north => &north,
+    n => &north,
+    south => &south,
+    s => &south,
+    east => &east,
+    e => &east,
+    west => &west,
+    w => &west,
+    quit => &quit,
+    q => &quit,
+    examine => &examine,
+    x => &examine,
+    look => &look,
+    l => &look,
+    score => &score,
+    inventory => &inventory,
+    i => &inventory,
+    get => &get,
+    take => &get,
+    drop => &drop,
+    drink => &drink,
+;
+
+##############################################
+# start and welcome
+say "Welcome to {%flags<_if_title>} by {%flags<_author>} version {%flags<_version>}\nType 'help' if stuck and 'quit' to end.\n";
+
+say word_wrap look("","","");
+
+##############################################
+# main loop of program
+loop {
+    my $cmd = prompt "Tell me what to do: ";
+    $cmd=$cmd.trim.lc;
+    next if $cmd.chars==0;
+
+    $cmd ~~ / ^^ (\w+) \s* (\w*) \s* (.*) $$ /;
+    my ($v,$a,$n) = ~$0,~$1,~$2;
+
+    # switch adjective to a noun if there is no noun
+    if $a.chars && $n.chars==0 { $n=$a; $a="" }
+
+    say "verb:[$v] adj:[$a] noun:[$n]" if %flags<_debug>;
+
+    # error check
+    if %dispatch{$v}:!exists { say "I don't know how to '$v'"; next };
+
+    # dispatch to handler
+    say word_wrap( %dispatch{$v}($v,$a,$n) );
+
+    if %flags<location> eq "start" and %flags<score> == %flags<max_score> {
+        say word_wrap( "\nIncredibly you have made it to the end of the game scoring a whopping {%flags<score>} points!\nThanks for playing!\n\n" );
+        exit;
+    }
+}
+
+##############################################
+# subs to dispatch from
+sub north($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><n>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><n>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub south($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><s>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><s>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub east($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><e>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><e>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub west($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><w>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><w>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub help($v,$a,$n) { "You can say north,south,east,west,quit,help,examine. \nSometimes just the first letter will suffice." };
+
+sub quit($v,$a,$n) { say "bye!"; exit };
+
+sub examine($v,$a,$n) {
+    return "I don't understand what you want to do." if $n eq ""; # need this for more than this command... (rule book?)
+    my @list=flat list_of_things_here(CARRIED), list_of_things_here(%flags<location>);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<noun> eq $n});
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "I can't see $a $n." }
+    my ($ok,$thing)=disambiguate(@list,$a);
+    return $thing if $ok == False;
+    return %objects{$thing}<desc>;
+};
+
+sub get($v,$a,$n) {
+    my @list=list_of_things_here(%flags<location>);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<noun> eq $n});
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "I can't see $a $n." }
+    if @list.elems==1 {
+        return _get(@list[0]);
+    }
+    # hard case - need to disambiguate!
+    # try adjective if offered
+    if $a.chars>0 {
+        my @refined=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<adj> eq $a});
+        if @refined==1 { return _get(@list[0]) }
+    }
+    # otherwise
+    my $s=(%objects{$_}<adj> ~ " " ~ %objects{$_}<noun> for @list).join(" or the ");
+    return "Which? The $s?";
+};
+sub _get($item) {
+        %objects{$item}<in>=CARRIED;
+        return "You take the {%objects{$item}<noun>}.";
+}
+
+sub drop($v,$a,$n) {
+    my @list=list_of_things_here(CARRIED);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<noun> eq $n});
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "I'm not holding $a $n." }
+    my ($ok,$thing)=disambiguate(@list,$a);
+    return $thing if $ok == False;
+    %objects{$thing}<in>=%flags<location>;
+    "Dropped.";
+};
+
+sub drink($v,$a,$n) {
+    # check you can see something to drink
+    my @list=flat list_of_things_here(CARRIED), list_of_things_here(%flags<location>);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<drinkable>:exists && %objects{$_}<drinkable>==True });
+
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "There is nothing to drink from here." };
+    my ($ok,$thing)=disambiguate(@list,$a);
+    return $thing if $ok == False;
+
+    if $thing eq "bubblyflask" and %flags<confused>==True { return "The room spins even more!" };
+    if $thing eq "fizzyflask" and %flags<confused>==False { return "It tastes unpleasantly of lemon and coffee." };
+    #######################################
+    # NOTE dispatch tables AND hash slices!
+    if $thing eq "bubblyflask" {
+        %dispatch{"n","north", "e","east","s","south","w","west"} = (&east, &east, &south, &south, &west, &west, &north, &north);
+        %flags<confused>=True;
+
+        return increase_score(1) ~ "The bubbly liquid tastes of melon and treacle and it goes straight to your head in seconds. You feel dizzy and confused, yet pleasantly happy.";
+    }
+    if $thing eq "fizzyflask" {
+        %dispatch{"n","north", "e","east","s","south","w","west"} = (&north, &north, &east, &east, &south, &south, &west, &west);
+        %flags<confused>=False;
+        return increase_score(1) ~ "The vile taste of the fizzy liquid sobers you right up. The room swims back into focus.";
+    }
+};
+
+sub inventory($v,$a,$n) {
+    my $i=location_contains(CARRIED);
+    return "\nYou are carrying nothing." if $i.chars==0;
+    return "\nYou are carrying $i";
+};
+
+sub look($v,$a,$n) {
+    my $t="\n" ~ %rooms{%flags<location>}<name> ~"\n"~ %rooms{%flags<location>}<desc>;
+    #you can see
+    my $i=location_contains(%flags<location>);
+    $t~=" You can see $i" if $i.chars>0;
+    # exits lead
+    $i=exits_from(%flags<location>);
+    $t~=" Exits lead $i" if $i.chars>0;
+
+    return $t;
+};
+
+sub score($v,$a,$n) { "You have scored {%flags<score>} out of a possible {%flags<max_score>} points." };
+
+sub _debug($v,$a,$n) { %flags<_debug>= $n~~ "on" ?? True !! False; "debug on: " ~ %flags<_debug> };
+
+sub _test($v,$a,$n) { "testing here!" };
+
+sub _savegame($v,$a,$n) {my $f= "save.game"; $f.IO.spurt: { flags => %flags, objects => %objects, rooms => %rooms }.perl; "Saved to file [$f]" };
+
+##############################################
+# Helper text functions
+# join with and
+sub join_with_and(@things) {
+    return "" if @things.elems==0;
+    return @things[0] if @things.elems==1;
+    return @things[0]~ " and " ~ @things[1] if @things.elems==2;
+    return @things[0..*-2].join(", ") ~ " and " ~ @things[*-1];
+}
+
+# word wrap
+# NOTE this removes ALL double spacing!!!
+sub word_wrap($t) {
+    my $s="";
+    for $t.lines -> $line {
+        my @words=$line.words;
+        my $j="";
+        while @words {
+            my $k=@words.shift;
+            if $j.chars + $k.chars>WIDTH-2 {
+                # force a wrap
+                $s ~= $j ~ "\n";
+                $j = $k;
+            } else {
+                $j ~= " " if $j !eq "";
+                $j ~= $k;
+            }
+        }
+        $s ~= $j~"\n";
+    }
+    return $s
+}
+
+# list of things here
+sub list_of_things_here($place) {
+    my @list_of_things;
+    for %objects.keys -> $thing {
+        @list_of_things.push($thing) if %objects{$thing}<in> eq $place;
+    };
+    #say @list_of_things.perl;
+    return @list_of_things;
+}
+
+# disambiguate (if possible)
+sub disambiguate(@things,$adj) {
+    return True,@things[0] if @things.elems==1;
+    # try adjective if offered
+    if $adj.chars>0 {
+        my @refined=@things.grep({%objects{$_}<adj> eq $adj});
+        return True,@refined[0] if @refined.elems==1;
+    }
+    # otherwise
+    my $s=(%objects{$_}<adj> ~ " " ~ %objects{$_}<noun> for @things).join(" or the ");
+    return False,"Which? The $s?";
+};
+
+sub  increase_score($points) {
+    %flags<score>+=$points;
+    "Your score has gone up by $points! You have {%flags<score>} point(s).\n";
+};
+
+# describe contents of something
+sub location_contains($place) {
+    my @list_of_things= %objects{list_of_things_here($place)}»<name>;  # HASH SLICE!
+    return "" unless @list_of_things.elems>0;
+    return join_with_and(@list_of_things) ~ ".";
+}
+
+# describe directions from somewhere
+sub exits_from($place){
+    ##############################################
+    # HASH SLICE!
+    my @exits = %directions{%rooms{$place}<to>.keys}; # hash slice to array for directions from location
+    return "" unless @exits.elems>0;
+    return join_with_and(@exits) ~ ".";
+};
diff --git a/challenge-034/kevin-colyer/perl6/ch-2.p6 b/challenge-034/kevin-colyer/perl6/ch-2.p6
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0435064f48
--- /dev/null
+++ b/challenge-034/kevin-colyer/perl6/ch-2.p6
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl6
+use v6;
+
+use Test;
+
+=begin pod
+
+Task 34.1
+
+Write a program that demonstrates using hash slices and/or array slices.
+
+Task 34.2
+
+Write a program that demonstrates a dispatch table.
+
+    SEE SUB DRINK FOR BOTH TASKS COMPLETED IN ONE LINE!
+
+=end pod
+
+# globals
+constant OFF_STAGE="OFF_STAGE";
+constant CARRIED="CARRIED";
+constant WORN="WORN";
+
+## from Terminal::Width
+my $width=80;
+constant WIDTH = try {
+    run('tput', 'cols', :out).out.slurp-rest.trim.Int
+} // $width;
+
+my %directions =
+    n => "north",
+    s => "south",
+    e => "east",
+    w => "west",
+;
+
+my %flags =
+    _debug => False,
+    _author => "Kevin Colyer", _if_title => "The Dispatch Table Adventure", _version => "1.0",
+
+    score => 0, max_score => 2, moves => 0,
+    confused => False,
+    location => "start",
+;
+
+my %rooms =
+#     "roomname" => { name => "shortname", desc => "descrption",
+#         to => { n => "roomname" },
+#     },
+    "start" => { name => "The Beginning", desc => "You are standing on an gigantic letter X painted on the tarmac floor of a walled courtyard.",
+        to => { n => "lab", e => "eastwall", w=> "westwall" },
+    },
+    "eastwall" => { name => "East wall", desc => "You are standing under the eastern wall. It towers above you.",
+        to => { w => "start" },
+    },
+    "westwall" => { name => "West wall", desc => "You are standing next to the western wall. It is way to high to climb.",
+        to => { e => "start" },
+    },
+    "lab" => { name => "Laboratory", desc => "You are what feels like a chemist's laboratory, but much more exciting and mysterious. Various tubes, glasses and flasks are connected in complicated manners.",
+        to => { s => "start" },
+    },
+;
+
+my %objects =
+    lamp => { name => "a lamp", noun => "lamp", desc => "an antique brass lamp", in => "lab" },
+    pebble => { name => "a pebble",noun => "pebble", desc => "an uninteresting pebble", in => "start" },
+    keys => { name => "some keys", noun => "keys", desc => "car keys", in => CARRIED },
+    fizzyflask => { name=> "a fizzy flask", noun => "flask", adj => "fizzy", desc => "a flask of fizzy purple liquid", in => "lab", drinkable => True},
+    bubblyflask => { name=> "a bubbly flask", noun => "flask", adj => "bubbly",  desc => "a flask of bubbly green liquid", in => "lab", drinkable => True},
+;
+
+##############################################
+# DISPATCH TABLE
+my %dispatch =
+    debug => &_debug,
+    test => &_test,
+
+    save => &_savegame,
+
+    help => &help,
+    h => &help,
+    north => &north,
+    n => &north,
+    south => &south,
+    s => &south,
+    east => &east,
+    e => &east,
+    west => &west,
+    w => &west,
+    quit => &quit,
+    q => &quit,
+    examine => &examine,
+    x => &examine,
+    look => &look,
+    l => &look,
+    score => &score,
+    inventory => &inventory,
+    i => &inventory,
+    get => &get,
+    take => &get,
+    drop => &drop,
+    drink => &drink,
+;
+
+##############################################
+# start and welcome
+say "Welcome to {%flags<_if_title>} by {%flags<_author>} version {%flags<_version>}\nType 'help' if stuck and 'quit' to end.\n";
+
+say word_wrap look("","","");
+
+##############################################
+# main loop of program
+loop {
+    my $cmd = prompt "Tell me what to do: ";
+    $cmd=$cmd.trim.lc;
+    next if $cmd.chars==0;
+
+    $cmd ~~ / ^^ (\w+) \s* (\w*) \s* (.*) $$ /;
+    my ($v,$a,$n) = ~$0,~$1,~$2;
+
+    # switch adjective to a noun if there is no noun
+    if $a.chars && $n.chars==0 { $n=$a; $a="" }
+
+    say "verb:[$v] adj:[$a] noun:[$n]" if %flags<_debug>;
+
+    # error check
+    if %dispatch{$v}:!exists { say "I don't know how to '$v'"; next };
+
+    # dispatch to handler
+    say word_wrap( %dispatch{$v}($v,$a,$n) );
+
+    if %flags<location> eq "start" and %flags<score> == %flags<max_score> {
+        say word_wrap( "\nIncredibly you have made it to the end of the game scoring a whopping {%flags<score>} points!\nThanks for playing!\n\n" );
+        exit;
+    }
+}
+
+##############################################
+# subs to dispatch from
+sub north($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><n>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><n>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub south($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><s>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><s>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub east($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><e>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><e>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub west($v,$a,$n) {
+    say "You stagger and sway your way around..." if %flags<confused>==True;
+    return "You can't go that way." if %rooms{%flags<location>}<to><w>:!exists;
+    %flags<location>=%rooms{%flags<location>}<to><w>;
+    look($v,$a,$n);
+};
+
+sub help($v,$a,$n) { "You can say north,south,east,west,quit,help,examine. \nSometimes just the first letter will suffice." };
+
+sub quit($v,$a,$n) { say "bye!"; exit };
+
+sub examine($v,$a,$n) {
+    return "I don't understand what you want to do." if $n eq ""; # need this for more than this command... (rule book?)
+    my @list=flat list_of_things_here(CARRIED), list_of_things_here(%flags<location>);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<noun> eq $n});
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "I can't see $a $n." }
+    my ($ok,$thing)=disambiguate(@list,$a);
+    return $thing if $ok == False;
+    return %objects{$thing}<desc>;
+};
+
+sub get($v,$a,$n) {
+    my @list=list_of_things_here(%flags<location>);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<noun> eq $n});
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "I can't see $a $n." }
+    if @list.elems==1 {
+        return _get(@list[0]);
+    }
+    # hard case - need to disambiguate!
+    # try adjective if offered
+    if $a.chars>0 {
+        my @refined=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<adj> eq $a});
+        if @refined==1 { return _get(@list[0]) }
+    }
+    # otherwise
+    my $s=(%objects{$_}<adj> ~ " " ~ %objects{$_}<noun> for @list).join(" or the ");
+    return "Which? The $s?";
+};
+sub _get($item) {
+        %objects{$item}<in>=CARRIED;
+        return "You take the {%objects{$item}<noun>}.";
+}
+
+sub drop($v,$a,$n) {
+    my @list=list_of_things_here(CARRIED);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<noun> eq $n});
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "I'm not holding $a $n." }
+    my ($ok,$thing)=disambiguate(@list,$a);
+    return $thing if $ok == False;
+    %objects{$thing}<in>=%flags<location>;
+    "Dropped.";
+};
+
+sub drink($v,$a,$n) {
+    # check you can see something to drink
+    my @list=flat list_of_things_here(CARRIED), list_of_things_here(%flags<location>);
+    @list=@list.grep({%objects{$_}<drinkable>:exists && %objects{$_}<drinkable>==True });
+
+    if @list.elems==0 { return "There is nothing to drink from here." };
+    my ($ok,$thing)=disambiguate(@list,$a);
+    return $thing if $ok == False;
+
+    if $thing eq "bubblyflask" and %flags<confused>==True { return "The room spins even more!" };
+    if $thing eq "fizzyflask" and %flags<confused>==False { return "It tastes unpleasantly of lemon and coffee." };
+    #######################################
+    # NOTE dispatch tables AND hash slices!
+    if $thing eq "bubblyflask" {
+        %dispatch{"n","north", "e","east","s","south","w","west"} = (&east, &east, &south, &south, &west, &west, &north, &north);
+        %flags<confused>=True;
+
+        return increase_score(1) ~ "The bubbly liquid tastes of melon and treacle and it goes straight to your head in seconds. You feel dizzy and confused, yet pleasantly happy.";
+    }
+    if $thing eq "fizzyflask" {
+        %dispatch{"n","north", "e","east","s","south","w","west"} = (&north, &north, &east, &east, &south, &south, &west, &west);
+        %flags<confused>=False;
+        return increase_score(1) ~ "The vile taste of the fizzy liquid sobers you right up. The room swims back into focus.";
+    }
+};
+
+sub inventory($v,$a,$n) {
+    my $i=location_contains(CARRIED);
+    return "\nYou are carrying nothing." if $i.chars==0;
+    return "\nYou are carrying $i";
+};
+
+sub look($v,$a,$n) {
+    my $t="\n" ~ %rooms{%flags<location>}<name> ~"\n"~ %rooms{%flags<location>}<desc>;
+    #you can see
+    my $i=location_contains(%flags<location>);
+    $t~=" You can see $i" if $i.chars>0;
+    # exits lead
+    $i=exits_from(%flags<location>);
+    $t~=" Exits lead $i" if $i.chars>0;
+
+    return $t;
+};
+
+sub score($v,$a,$n) { "You have scored {%flags<score>} out of a possible {%flags<max_score>} points." };
+
+sub _debug($v,$a,$n) { %flags<_debug>= $n~~ "on" ?? True !! False; "debug on: " ~ %flags<_debug> };
+
+sub _test($v,$a,$n) { "testing here!" };
+
+sub _savegame($v,$a,$n) {my $f= "save.game"; $f.IO.spurt: { flags => %flags, objects => %objects, rooms => %rooms }.perl; "Saved to file [$f]" };
+
+##############################################
+# Helper text functions
+# join with and
+sub join_with_and(@things) {
+    return "" if @things.elems==0;
+    return @things[0] if @things.elems==1;
+    return @things[0]~ " and " ~ @things[1] if @things.elems==2;
+    return @things[0..*-2].join(", ") ~ " and " ~ @things[*-1];
+}
+
+# word wrap
+# NOTE this removes ALL double spacing!!!
+sub word_wrap($t) {
+    my $s="";
+    for $t.lines -> $line {
+        my @words=$line.words;
+        my $j="";
+        while @words {
+            my $k=@words.shift;
+            if $j.chars + $k.chars>WIDTH-2 {
+                # force a wrap
+                $s ~= $j ~ "\n";
+                $j = $k;
+            } else {
+                $j ~= " " if $j !eq "";
+                $j ~= $k;
+            }
+        }
+        $s ~= $j~"\n";
+    }
+    return $s
+}
+
+# list of things here
+sub list_of_things_here($place) {
+    my @list_of_things;
+    for %objects.keys -> $thing {
+        @list_of_things.push($thing) if %objects{$thing}<in> eq $place;
+    };
+    #say @list_of_things.perl;
+    return @list_of_things;
+}
+
+# disambiguate (if possible)
+sub disambiguate(@things,$adj) {
+    return True,@things[0] if @things.elems==1;
+    # try adjective if offered
+    if $adj.chars>0 {
+        my @refined=@things.grep({%objects{$_}<adj> eq $adj});
+        return True,@refined[0] if @refined.elems==1;
+    }
+    # otherwise
+    my $s=(%objects{$_}<adj> ~ " " ~ %objects{$_}<noun> for @things).join(" or the ");
+    return False,"Which? The $s?";
+};
+
+sub  increase_score($points) {
+    %flags<score>+=$points;
+    "Your score has gone up by $points! You have {%flags<score>} point(s).\n";
+};
+
+# describe contents of something
+sub location_contains($place) {
+    my @list_of_things= %objects{list_of_things_here($place)}»<name>;  # HASH SLICE!
+    return "" unless @list_of_things.elems>0;
+    return join_with_and(@list_of_things) ~ ".";
+}
+
+# describe directions from somewhere
+sub exits_from($place){
+    ##############################################
+    # HASH SLICE!
+    my @exits = %directions{%rooms{$place}<to>.keys}; # hash slice to array for directions from location
+    return "" unless @exits.elems>0;
+    return join_with_and(@exits) ~ ".";
+};